Factors affecting the old foreign policy making in Franco-phones West Africa
April 10, 2010
African states were the most underdeveloped states and still they are developing. Past and new themes of foreign policy of these states have a great deal diversity between them. Similarly the factors or actors that played a vital and massive role also got much diversity. Old foreign policy makers have different influencing powers and new are having unusual influencing factors.
There were various actors that were involved in influencing the foreign policy making of Franco-phone West African states. President involved in affecting the foreign policy making at much larger role. Further, the role of vice president and prime minister was also affecting the foreign policy making. Their duty was to set foreign policy goals and to make their rules according to the will of president. Diplomatic mission or diplomatic cabinet was there and had to perform an important role in foreign policy making of these countries.
Ministry of foreign affairs included the university graduates, no exam of civil services or was having no any other requirement. Selection and appointment was on the basis of university degree. So, ministry of foreign affairs was working as foreign bureaucracy under vice president and prime minister and affected the foreign policy making.
Foreign policy making was also influenced by the Ministry of defense. Influence of ministry of defense was due to civil unrest, influence of military and due to other different disorders. National assembly also started playing role in foreign policy making.
Non governmental actors were also involved in foreign policy making. Print and electronic media was one of the major non governmental actors in influencing foreign policy making. Dissimilar newspaper started bringing awareness in people and hence played an imperative role in bringing alteration. Moreover, the other governmental force was that of returnees or immigrants. They were highly educated, having foreign exposure and economic independence. These people spent much of their lives in European an American countries so after sometime they started returning and due to political awareness they started influencing the foreign policy making. Thirdly, public opinion also started getting importance in foreign policy making. People got aware due to media had started expressing their views and hence influencing the foreign policy making of their states. Marabouts were the religious leaders, groups and religious parties and in these states religious people played an important role. Due to people’s religious and spiritual affiliation these religious people were in prominent position and hence affecting the foreign policy making.
These were the certain primary factors that were mainly affecting the foreign policy making of Franco phone west Africa in past times.
Written by Maham Saleem
Iran under Raza Shah Pahlavi`s rule
April 1, 2010
International relations
In Iran, there was a Qajar Dynasty and it ended in 1929. Raza Shah Pahlavi defeated the king of qajar dynasty, and then he came in power and command. Before his name was Raza Khan, but later he changed it and was known as Raza Shah Pahlavi. Further he also changed the Iran’s old name (Persia) and modified it into Aryan, later it was called as Iran.
Iran-under-Reza-Shah-Pahlavi's-rule
End of qajar dynasty lead to the start of Pahlavi’s dynasty. At that time USSR was the neighbor of Iran because of area of Azerbaijan, but not now. Border conflicts were there between Iran and USSR. Later, these problems were solved by Turkmenistan. Cold war era was going on so, USSR`s policies was influencing that of Iran’s.
Raza Shah Pahlavi was much influenced by communism based on secularism. There was a threat of domino effect. So, America started containment policy to stop communism. Because both the super powers were much worried about their ideologies and wanted to expand their ideologies and tried to influence different regions of the world by this expansion. Raza Shah Pahlavi brought lot of changes; he wanted to make Iran a secular state. He introduced different codes and laws opposite to that of Islamists laws. .
Moreover, he adopted western styles and outlooks and implemented on his nation. He tried to abandoned hijab and veil. We can easily assume that he, along with his policies was much influenced by westernization. As an Islamic state, these secular policies and western style of ruling the state were not according to the Islamic rules and laws. So, it leads to dissatisfaction among the Iranians.
Phenomenon of globalization
March 27, 2010
Transformation that is continually coming in world economy is actually the process of globalization. World economy has changed at drastic level and still it is changing and transforming. Forces that are responsible for this transform and modification are liberalization of trade and multi lateral trade system. Liberalization is the elimination of different trade hurdles and obstacles. Whereas, multi lateral trade system is the political process through which a government made and formulate its trade policies. So, we can say that globalization is the consequence of this liberalization and multi lateral trade system.
Peter Drucker argues that, “the talk today is of the “changing world economy”… the world economy is not “changing”; it has already changed-in its foundations and in its structure-and in all probability the change is irreversible.” (1986, 768).
Robert Reich (1992, 3) argues that “we are living through a transformation that will rearrange the politics and economies of the coming century. There will be no national products or technologies, no national corporations, no national industries. There will no longer be national economies, at lest as we have come to understand that concept.”
Globalization leads the world towards complex interdependence means, now all the regions and countries are depending on each other for variety of their unusual need. No one can live in isolation because of this complex interdependence. Due to this now, one thing is not producing just in one country but its different constituents are being made in different countries and they assembled globally. Economies are now interwoven with each other. Now, trade web has been created.
Now developing countries are also start emerging and putting their contribution in enhancing world’s trade and world’s economies. One of the best example is of Newly Industrialized Countries; the Asian Tigers (Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong). There share in world’s trade is continually increasing.
Globalization is not an abrupt process; it’s actually a transitional process. All the countries want to enhance their economies and due to this, they want transition. So, process of globalization is far from completion. It’s not a new phenomenon, new is the complexity of the phenomenon which came due to modernization and industrialization.
written by QAISER JAHAN
Contributing factors of multilateral trade system
March 20, 2010
International Relations :Multilateral trade system, industrialization, emerging economies, transformation of new economic order, globalization, trade liberalization and emergence of new actors all are diverse interrelated terms.
Before, 1950 trade was there but modernization was absent, it came after 1950. Soon after IInd world war all the countries got active in enhancing their economy. They started abolishing trade barriers including tariffs and other barriers.
Different round of talks i.e. Geneva round of talk , Annecy round of talk, Torquay round of talk, Dillon round of talk, Kennedy round of talk, Tokyo round of talk, Uruguay round of talk , Millennium round of talk etc were held to negotiate trade facilitating issues. Among them the most triumphant and exultant was Uruguay round of talk in which a number of decisions were made relating services sector and intellectual property rights. All these efforts were made to bargain with each other.
Before, developing countries were not the members of multilateral trade system, but gradually a change came and they started changing their trade related policies. They got membership of WTO. Later, demise of Soviet Union led to the fall of communist umbrella, as a result of which various countries became independent and started joining different trade related forums and hence contributing in enhancing the world’s trade system. Trade liberalization, emergence of new actors and free trade all enhances this multilateral trade system.
This multilateral trade system led to multifarious interdependence, globalization and regionalism. Now numbers of regional trade arrangements are being made in expanding trade system. These RTA`s are used to collaborate among the regional member states.
After the hegemonic decline of America in case of trade, lot of new actors emerged and now they are controlling the world’s trade system. This emergence brings a lot of positive changes in international trade area. In short, all these contributing factors are continually expanding and mounting world’s trade system.
Written by Maham Saleem
How interest groups are formulating the policies?
March 18, 2010
International relations
There are a number of interest groups consisting of individuals, firms, agencies, business groups, labor union etc. They in reality want to dole out their interests. Usually, there endeavor is to improve their security and survival conditions.
Now the question is this how they serve their interests. Well, they do it by making their interests oriented policies but, this policy making method is not direct one, they do it in a roundabout way. The superlative tool used by them to execute their interest associated policies is by making number of political institutions.
Political institutions are made by them to fulfill their diverse interest’s i.e. material interests, interests of ideas etc. First, they frame a policy and then compel and enforce different governments to adopt these policies. These institutions work to decode cross border impacts. Now we are living in a complex interdependent world. So, decision in one country is affecting the politics and policies of a range of other countries also. Means, policy making in one country could bring both positive and negative impacts in other countries as well.
Gratifying of interests is done on both international and domestic level. Discussing at international level we can see different political institutions serving interests of powerful and industrialized countries. Most common of them are WTO, IMF and World Bank. These institutions are known as rich country’s guild. Unfortunately developing countries are anguish and richer are making their hegemony through these political institutions.
Relationship of Environment and Economy
March 4, 2010
Environment and economy are two inter related terms. We cannot separate one from the other. Both are of crucial importance. It’s something natural that every human being always try to make his/her living place beautiful and luxurious. But the dilemma is that continues economic growth and increased industrialization resulting in environmental degradation.
Relationship-of-Environment-and-Economy
As, now world is getting more and more modernize and continually passing through the phase of modernization. People of today’s world are more concerned about their luxurious life and they don’t want to leave it, in fact now at this stage they can’t do that because they intends to make their life more and more easy for themselves. But unfortunately this led to environmental degradation. This environmental degradation is the result of human activities and these activities are deteriorating our globe. One of the hottest topics regarding the issue is that of global warming. Different glaciers of the earth are now melting, sea level is increasing and our earth is getting hotter day by day. This phenomenon of global warming is bringing hazardous effects for the nature as well as for human. Ozone layer that protects the earth from harmful ultra violet rays is depleting. Harmful gases like Chloro Flouro Carbons that are playing a key role in destroying the ozone layer are the result of this increased industrialization and progressive economy. Now the harmful rays can easily reach the world and creating many incurable diseases in flora and fauna. Our water is getting unhealthy and unhygienic, our air is getting polluted, our land is becoming dirty just because of vast economical growth. During the cold war era almost all the nations were busy in acquiring modern type of arms and technologies to maintain their status in the area of international security but now they are more concerned about their economical growth. Both proved not to be in favor of environment.
On the other hand now as the awareness came in people about the importance of healthy environment, different organizations have been created which are working for the benefit of environment. Friends of earth, environment friendly and various other organizations are there and their agenda is to bring back the stability and safety of the world’s healthy environment. Different conventions and summit meetings were also held to enhance the importance of the issue.
In short, there is need to maintain a balance between the relation of environment and economy. As we all know that relationship works better when built on the notion of equality.
written by Maham Saleem
modern day slavery
January 20, 2010
Majority thinks that time has past when humans fight with each other for power of land and authority, but if a close eye is given to the modern world it can be easily detected that still there is tendency of lust for power and influence in economically strong countries towards economically weak countries. Developed countries preach democracy, human rights and equality to third world countries and forgot themselves to do so. People say that in past humans due to ignorance suppressed other human beings and in modern times education has lessen such attitude.
modern day slavery
This all needs a close consideration before any conclusions. Humanistic approach everywhere in the world has drawn attention form the present form of past inequalities and injustices, humans are in habit of doing to others when one is influential and other not, to the humanitarian idea of love and peace. This covers the dark side of those having influence due to the resources and technology. Developed counties in the form of help not only influence the policies of the countries they help but practically everything in that country. This is; that is happening through out the world. In the name of helping third world countries, in the beautiful veil of international law all the influential developed countries imposes there own will on the grant accepting country. This is an old tradition that the favored one has to say yes to the favor giver. This is the modern form of past; thus chain of slavery. History says that when a weak nation took favor from a powerful country in return that country has to accept the words and laws of that country and saying NO was considered as disobedience. Same happens today the third world countries who take favors from developed ones have to say Yes whether they want it or not. Same old story, slavery of powerful one by the weak one.
Even the so called organizations working for global peace are practically brotherhood of few countries that have the power to make others obey by economical and nuclear mean. Countries having hold over economy by offering help to the developing countries take over their hold from the polices and laws of that countries from the actual possessors of the land. Some rejects this by pointing towards the humanitarian work performed by NGO’s. It can be simply answered that if they have just an eye view of the investors they will get to know that they are not governmental grants but small contributions from common people living in a country as the name also clarifies Non governmental organization. Humanitarian work is performed by these organizations not by governments of other countries which invest only with the intentions of getting benefit not in the form of money (which they do get mostly) but in other forms (access to resources in a very low amount). So, it can not be said that education has abolished the slavery and inhuman attitude rather it has changed the style only. Previously such things were openly manifested but now they have taken the form of decency. In that upper decent behavior lays the same instinct of rule the weak. Still those who have economic stability are ruling over those who do not have it. No doubt human have changed from the past but like it is said some things never change; the desire to rule has not changed in different forms it still continues. Slavery has now forms of economic dependence, subordination to the developed countries in polices and imposition of ideology Slaves may have ended but slavery has not.
old and new slavery
January 14, 2010
Slavery:
Slavery might be described as the formal (but not always legal) denial to individuals or groups of a particular freedom, to have control over their lives. The League of Nations, in its 1926 Slavery Convention, defined slavery as ‘the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised.
slavery
Orlando Patterson
Slavery has taken many forms and existed in many historical and geographical societies. One of the most wide-ranging comparative studies of slavery as a social institution was carried out by Orlando Patterson. He suggests that there are only three noticeable universal features common to all known slavery systems:
1. that the master has the right to threaten or punish the slave with violence
2. that all slaves are denied with rights of birth
3. all slaves are deprived of honor
Bales and Robbins
In a more recent contribution, Bales and Robbins consider slavery to be comprised of three key features:
1. that the slave is controlled by another person
2. that the owner appropriates the labour power of the slave
3. that the slave’s activities are controlled by the threat or use of violence
White slavery, forced labor, debt bondage, forced prostitution satisfy all the criteria Bales and Robbins employ.
Stanley Elkins:
In his important study of slavery in America, Elkins discusses the four major legal categories which defined the status of the American slave
1. the first he argued was terms of servitudes, who were passed on to the descendants
2. Second regarding marriage and family: slaves were denied the traditional securities and assurances of family life, and no marriage between slaves was recognized in law.
3. Third regarding the matter of police and disciplinary powers over the slave: it was considered to b a good practice for masters to adopt harsh attitude towards their slaves.
4. Fourth regarding property and other civil rights: it was accepted that slaves had no such rights and whatever they might have owned became the property of their master.
Old and new slaveries:
It would be a mistake to believe that the various international covenants and conventions such as Slavery Convention 1926, Universal declaration 1948, Rome Final act 1998 etc has resulted slavery to abolish completely. Like so many other human rights violations, slavery is as common today as it has been in the past. Even the people living in west shouldn’t believe that they have abolished slavery because it still is being practiced. Kevin Bales suggests that there are around 3000 household slaves in the city of Paris alone and many more in Western countries and as an estimate he says that there are around 27 million slaves in the world today.
We have discussed the concept of old slavery taking perspectives of different scholars so let us now discuss the concept of new slavery.
This new slavery says Bales, is quite different from the old slavery as now slavery is officially illegal everywhere so there is no such thing as a legal entitlement to ownership. But this in a way benefits the modern slaveholders, who are not bound by legal procedures and they can get away with whatever they want.
In new slavery the emphasis is on a quick and profitable turnover i.e. low cost, minimal investment and high profit. The old and new form of slavery can easily be explained in a better way by the following table.
old and new slavery
Old Slavery New Slavery
. Legal ownership asserted . Legal ownership avoided
. High purchase cost . Very low purchase cost
. Low profits . Very high profits
. Long term relationships . Short term relationships
. Ethnic differences important . Ethnic differences not important
Bales list various forms of modern slavery. There are 2 key factors which unite them firstly they defined by the threat of violence and secondly they are used for the purpose of economic exploitation. These forms of slavery include:
1. Chattel Slavery: As in old slavery, a person is born or sold into servitude and the ownership of another. Bales claims that this takes place in Northern and Western Africa and the Middle East, but represents a relatively small percentage of the total slave population.
2. Debt Bondage: A person is not owned but controlled and made to work as repayment of some kind of debt. The length and nature of the bondage is not defined and the debt can be passed down to children.
3. Contract Slavery: A person is kept into a place of work through promise of a contract but the reality is that he or she is kept as a slave, threatened with violence and paid nothing. Bales indicate that this is the fastest growing form of modern slavery.
4. War Slavery: In times of war, civilians are sometimes enslaved and used as laborers. This kind of slavery can be finding in Burma and Sudan.
5. Children as domestic servants: Children are not owned but are controlled through violence to perform domestic chores in return for lodgings.
6. Religious Slavery: In some African and Asian countries, girls or young women are presented as slaves to local priests usually due to some sins committed by their families.
Master Slave Relationships
January 14, 2010
Slavery might be described as the formal (but not always legal) denial to individuals or groups of a particular freedom, to have control over their lives. The League of Nations, in its 1926 Slavery Convention, defined slavery as ‘the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised.
slavery
Orlando Patterson
Slavery has taken many forms and existed in many historical and geographical societies. One of the most wide-ranging comparative studies of slavery as a social institution was carried out by Orlando Patterson. He suggests that there are only three noticeable universal features common to all known slavery systems:
1. that the master has the right to threaten or punish the slave with violence
2. that all slaves are denied with rights of birth
3. all slaves are deprived of honors
Bales and Robbins
In a more recent contribution, Bales and Robbins consider slavery to be comprised of three key features:
1. that the slave is controlled by another person
2. that the owner appropriates the labour power of the slave
3. that the slave’s activities are controlled by the threat or use of violence
White slavery, forced labour, debt bondage, forced prostitution satisfy all the criteria Bales and Robbins employ.
Stanley Elkins:
In his important study of slavery in America, Elkins discusses the four major legal categories which defined the status of the American slave
1. the first he argued was terms of servitudes, who were passed on to the descendants
2. Second regarding marriage and family: slaves were denied the traditional securities and assurances of family life, and no marriage between slaves was recognized in law.
3. Third regarding the matter of police and disciplinary powers over the slave: it was considered to b a good practice for masters to adopt harsh attitude towards their slaves.
4. Fourth regarding property and other civil rights: it was accepted that slaves had no such rights and whatever they might have owned became the property of their master.
Master Slave Relationship:
Master Slave Relationships
Many historical sources present the relationship btw the slave owner that is the master and the slave. From a sociological standpoint, this is a type of social relationship i.e. relation between an employer and an employee, a husband and wife, a teacher and student. Each different type of social relationship operates according to its own set of rules. Keeping in mind the master slave relationship, we would look at two approaches. One is drawn from the Hegelian-Marxian tradition which emphasizes the unequal power relationship between the two social actors and the other associated with the work of Robert Fogel that concentrates on the economic relationship between masters and the slave.
Heglian-Marxian
The classical treatment of the relationship between master slaves comes from the Heglian-Marxian tradition. It was George Hegel who first talked about the master slave dialectic. For Hegel, the slave existed in a position between his master, and the master’s ‘object of desire’. Clearly, in unequal conditions and with unequal access to resources, the vast majority of the power resides with the master. Nevertheless, the slave holds the capacity for rebellion. Hegel’s approach was developed by Marx, who defined the master slave relationship primarily as a relation of domination.
Stanley Elkins
Elkin sees the relation between master and slave as an extreme form of power relationship. He further explains that
. State has never taken any action against the practice of slavery thus it got institutionalized.
. Slaves were treated inhumanly but still no step was taken from the state
. Slaves were passed on for temporary and permanent basis and this concept is known as servitudes
. The masters were the owner of the lives of their slaves and marriage and right to birth was discouraged
. Slaves did not had any social status and no civil rights and opportunities were given to them
Eugene-Genovese
According to him, the slaves were made feel that, by receiving guidance and protection from their masters, and at the same time being rewarded for good service by various allowances, they were experiencing the extent of rights available to them.
Strategic studies
January 13, 2010
Strategy is intimately connected wit planning wars and fighting wars. It is a military activity per excellence in which high-ranking officers plan the overall conduct of wars .Clausewitz defined strategy as a “The employment of battle as the mean towards the attainment of the object of war”. Strategy is about war, and the conduct of military campaigns, but it is about much more then that .Strategy is about the ways in which military power may be used to achieve political objectives of a country. The old concept of strategy is to aim at winning a war and to take victory as your objective. The prime task of strategy is not to fight a war but to create such situations which are less devastating than a holocaust. Strategy is more about peace than a war. The connection between strategy and politics has been well defined by the Raymond Aron “Strategic thoughts draws its inspiration each century, or rather at each moment in history, from the problems which event themselves pose”.
Some Assumptions Underlying Contemporary Strategic Thought
Strategic Studies
Strategies are the planning to wage a war. Strategy is fundamentally about means rather then ends. It has been assumed that setting political goal is the proper business of politicians, and that strategic planner are only interested in how given military resources can be usefully applied to the achievement of those goals. While making any strategy, strategist must be aware of the issues which rose after their policies. Politicians have to play a very care full role while making any kind of policies because of their wrong decisions countries may indulge into a conflict which turned them in to war. Because of the wrong decisions of the politics countries may fall in to issues and conflict which led them in to wage a war. Accordind to Clausewitz “War is the continuation of politics” so politicians must control of themselves while taking decisions. The decisions of war should be taken by the political leaders rather than the generals’ .Decisions which is made by the politicians must be revised by the specialists. As Clemenceau is claimed, war is much more serious to be left on generals, it is also too serious to be left on politicians .Strategists have become the government adviser as well as governments executives.
Assumptions
Means suppositions, to think that some thing is true without having any proof. Strategists while making any decisions and policies assume some points are very important to be considers so every one has their own assumption about any policy or a point .Countries have their diplomats and strategist who have some common shared assumptions about the nature of international political life. Following are some of the assumptions which are taken under consideration while making any strategy or policy.
• Realism
The most important assumption under lying contemporary strategy are those associated with the theory of political behavior known as realism .Realism is the conservative theory . It is the reaction of idealism .Realism theory is based on state centric, egoistic and self orientation. According to this theory states only think about them there is no place for moral values. Theory is based on human nature n human are selfish, destructive, competitive, and aggressive, and the international system one torn by conflict and full of uncertainty and disorder.
R. Niebuhr, a founding father of the realist school and one o its most brilliant exponents, speaks of man’s “stubborn pride”, his “egotism”, “will to power”, “brute inheritance” and his “original sin”. For the realists there is a tragedy in human relations. In the words of Herbert Butterflied, “Behind the great conflicts of mankind is a terrible human predicament which lies at the heart of the story.”
George Kennan also regarded statesmen as “actors in a tragedy beyond their making or repair”. The main purpose of realistic theory to get their objectives and forget about other’s theory based on :
• Self oriented
• Egoistic
• Real politic
• Self interest
Criticism
This theory is not admired by all the philosopher and theorist .they claimed that realism promoted war and conflict between the states. The realists are quick to point out the limitations of international law and to emphasize the disintegrating, anarchic influences at work in an international system. It was Hobbes who described the human condition as “a restless struggle for power which ceaseless only in death .Because of the following reasons realism theory was criticized by many such as: Those countries who makes their policies according to the realist theory they only think for themselves while making any policy. In war, used maximum force to obtain their objective etc .
1. Do not consider the limitations of the international law.
2. Use maximum force to achieve their own objectives.
3. Forget about the moral values.
4. will to have absolute power.
Failure of league of nation
States lived in anarchy system .There is no over reaching government who stops them to not to do foul actions or not to promote conflicts .Big power starts making hegemony on small powers to have more and more area and resources .To solving the problems of states, many of states with their combined effort made an organization which help out to resolve the conflict between states and to promote the cooperation. But due to the realistic nature of states that’s organization couldn’t perform its function well. Because states didn’t obeyed its rules and regulation and according to their own will change its function and principles for achieving benefits. So due to these hypocrisies world war one emerged.
League of nations
United Nation
United nations
It also failed to perform its tasks because of its lack of power on countries. Countries didn’t obey its rules and principles just admired those ones which are suited to them and ignored the rest of the rules .Due to these circumstances this organization couldn’t perform its duties well to resolves the conflicts and promote the co-operation between the states and known as an ineffective organization.
Idealistic view
Against the realistic point of view .Idealist argue tat peace and security could best be achieved by reducing and abolishing the weapons with which men fight has a curiously dated and impractical ring about it .Arms control, is the best way to stop these conflicts, the successful management of weapons policy, seemed to offer more practical thought less ambitious prospect for peace. It is fair to say that the concept of disarmament, which was developed in the inter war years and is typified by the writings of Philip Noel-Baker, though the peace movements are trying to revive it. Today, we are all arms controllers, and the realists who forced us to face up to hard facts and to settle for less than perfect solutions undoubtedly had something to do with it.
• Moral Neutrality
Politicians and strategist must consider the moral values while making any of the policy as it will helps to resolves the issues, promote the co-operations and in making more friends and good relationships with the rest of the countries.
Criticism
Realist didn’t concern with the moral values because if they look at the morality while making the policies then they can’t do favor to them. In war there is no moral values no one concern with that other wise they couldn’t get defeat to their enemies.
• Peace And Security / The cold war
Strategist share the view that their should be peace and security are desirable goals, and direct their thoughts towards promoting them .Strategist defined different theories about how to create a peaceful and secure world .Such as:
• Deterrence is the theory that peace and security can be maintained in world while showing their enemy that you have a massive retaliatory potential.
• Disarmament is the theory that peace and security can be maintained by less number of weapon produced or use by the states.
• Limited war is the theory, by controlling and limiting the amount of military force used in any conflict, peace can be sustained.
• Crisis management is the theory that peace and security can be promoted by developing techniques for handling international crises.
Criticism
But these theories are not helpful at any case each has some faults in it such as:
• To create deterrence states indulges in arm race to create a deter on their adversary produce more and more weapons and harmful chemicals which has a harmful affects on all and opposite to peace.
• Disarmament, no one consider it when it comes to their security every one try to have more power then other for their survival.
• If countries make control on using weapons against each other and try to control their anger so its useful but when its comes to your country’s security no one apply it practically .every states use absolute force to abolish their adversary.
• To manage the crisis states come to negotiate but never ever it has been seen by any one that their were a peaceful negotiation between countries which resolve the conflict.