Past themes of African foreign policy
March 30, 2010
Foreign policy of any country includes the fulfillment of country’s vital and important interests, it’s basically a sum of country’s well being and advancement. So, the foreign policy makers seek to formulate such type of foreign policy that can prove to be best in achieving its nation’s reimbursement and profit. There is a vast difference of techniques of formulating foreign policies between the developed and developing countries.
Africa was so backward and still it is under the developmental process. There lies an assortment of differences between the old and new foreign policy. We will discuss different objectives of old foreign policy of the decision makers. Supreme aim of their foreign policy in older times was the solidification of power. They wanted to coagulate the power. We can see their this objective in different stuff related to the foreign policy of older times. Secondly, they wanted to propagate and reproduce new institutions. Through this they were able to got fame at international level. Along with it, they were also interested in the construction of regional institutions because they were well known of the advantages provided by these types of institutions so, wanted to make this aim the most achievable one. Organization of African Union and African Union are the examples among several.
Africa
Moreover, they wanted to make alliances with the big powers of that time, they made this aim apart of their foreign policy because making an alliance with big power was the sign of great benefit and improvement. They were also interested in the development of their capacity building and economic progress. By joining international institutions and organizations they wanted to gain esteem and prestige at international level. Due to this they ask for the membership of well-known international organizations. They made the aim of consolidation of their identity an important part of their foreign policy.
These were the certain important aims of their foreign policy, although successful in achieving these aims but at small level because African states included the influence of charismatic and self interested leaders.
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written by QAISER JAHAN
Apartheid in Africa
March 20, 2010
Apartheid in Africa can be dated back to the time of Dutch settlers. First, Dutch landed in this continent and then Britishers came, power struggle started between them, lot of Boer wars were fought. Afrikaner National Party came in power in 1948, they were corrupt people so, started exercising Apartheid as an institution. Different acts and laws were passed in favor of apartheid. According to these laws, they were asked to keep pass books with them, without these books they were restricted and limited to certain areas. They were limited to certain homelands known as Bantustans. Only 14% land was given to African people in form of these Bantustans. So, they became strangers in their own country. White people deprived them from even their basic rights. They have no right to vote, no right to participate in government affairs. They don’t have access to their country’s resources. In short they were deprived of their political rights, social rights, economic rights and other cultural rights. So, people got rebels, state infrastructure was collapsed, civil wars, civil disorder and instability was the result of the leadership of white settlers…
African National Congress was formed in early 20th century. Nelson Mandela was a prominent figure. Youth league was formed. All this was the reaction against apartheid. Soweto incident happened in 1950`s, lot of blacks were killed, lot of rebelliousness came in African nationals. In 1980`s ANC got support of international community as well.
Leadership changed and F.W de Klerk came in power in 1989. It was expected by white people that he will support apartheid. But besides supporting apartheid, he asked for the quick removal of apartheid and withdrawal of white people. Role of Nelson Mandela was of great importance. Due to his active role he was sent in prison for long time period. In 1991, he came out of jail. Collective efforts of nelson Mandela and F.W de Klerk brought an end to apartheid. Elections held in 1993, ANC won these elections, till the last moment, whites tried to change the results of elections, their act led to severe violation. Nelson Mandela formed government in 1994. New constitution was formulated in 1996. So, finally, some problems of blacks came to an end. Both, nelson Mandela and F.W de Klerk were awarded with noble prize for their efforts. African people experienced suppression for long time period so, due to this lengthy and prolonged period is require for bringing stability.
Written by Maham Saleem
Reasons and Repercussions of decolonization in Africa
March 17, 2010
Decolonization started in Africa after World War II. Most of the colonial powers that were involved in war, at the end of war did not have that much capacity to control their colonies at such a massive scale. So, process of decolonization started. Authoritarianism was there, colonial rulers were not willing to give even the central rights to the black people of Africa. Apartheid was exercised by the verdict powers and it became a governmental institution. Many laws praising apartheid were passed by the masters. In short, human right violation was there at much bigger level. Colonial masters were self concerned. They were their just to advance their economies; they want to hold more and more resources and capital. As a result people got rebels, frustrated because of suppression and deprivation of their fundamental and primary needs of life. All these factors boost the need of independence and end of colonization.
After decolonization, lot of problems has raised. African states had to face major political troubles. No state infra structure was there, absence of political institutions and fine leadership augment many problems. Political elites were self interested and don’t want to take notice of the local people’s tribulations. During the reign of imperial powers, local people were much suppressed so, they don’t know the tactics and devices to run a state.
Along with these political troubles, cultural, economic and social scrape were also there. In terms of cultural problems the African people had to face the problems related to solidification of their identity. Absence of trained professionals in case of building and running new industries and institution led to different economic problems. Although, African countries holds high-quality sum of natural resources but due to the lack of good headship they don’t know how to utilize them. Trust deficit, civil unrest, civil wars, civil disorders are the causative factors of social problems. Locals of African countries had to face lot of health and educational harms. African states still have the penetration and influence of their old grand masters.
Although development and advancement came in African subcontinent but, as the suppression period was of long time so, reconstruction, modernization and renovation need a lengthy phase.
Maham Saleem
Double standard of developed countries
February 21, 2010
As my routine, I was reading newspaper on the internet. Usually I read news from web named as www.globalissues.com, why it was worth mentioning because by naming only internet source seems untrustworthy for others. while reading this web I read a shocking news from African
poor country Nigeria although rich in natural resources that almost 350people were killed in ethnic conflict between Muslim and Christianity,and the next news was that thousands of people were displaced in Philippine and many were killed because of ethnic tension between Muslims and Philippine govt.these two news were shocking for me and I could not help to write and aware international community regarding this brutal act against muslim.nobody is taking serious , no statement came from leaders from developed world because this conflict is going against the muslim.muslim are treated as a worse nation in this age. What is this? I m asking from NGOs who claimed to protect the Human rights. If this tension is going on in Kosovo then NATO interfere because this is threatening the E.U not muslim.Look at the example of Somalia where people were struggling in the hands of Mogadishu group. Who rapidly is killing innocent people? No peacekeeping forces are protecting them because they are Muslim? If one incident in New york or Mumbai occurred where no more than 200people were killed still coming in the newspapers. Still international community is asking about those responsibles.Yet not they are controlling the present conflict. This is what called double standard against particular nation.Mugy gairoun sy gila nae per apnoun sy shikwa hai……Makeen khud hi makan k ujarny py tulley hain.buss itna hi likhun ga our Muslim community should wake up and unite itself as Juda-chirstainity is united against Muslims.
Written by Ahsan Ali Bhatti
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Cheap International SMS
January 21, 2010
The popularity of communicating with one another via SMS is rapidly increasing. With the ability to communicate with friends and family members that might be scattered throughout the world, it’s important that people have available to them the cheapest international SMS services that there might be. For a person with an average income, it’s important that they find a service that they can both benefit from and not break the bank at the same time. Things are changing, though, and people can find some services that charge just 7.5 cents per 300 character SMS that can be sent or received anywhere in the world.
send free sms
Let us explore this option further to see just how it may benefit you.
Today the person who normally uses their SMS feature on their phone and has contacts internationally is not only looking for the just the cheapest international SMS rates. They also need feature packed services. With the influx of so many different services, the competition is high, which is beneficial to the consumer because they reap the benefits of cheaper rates with top notch features.
Some wonderful features with some of the cheapest international SMS services can really please the consumer. Some of these features are: free SMS forwarding to any email from anywhere in the world, a phone book that gives unlimited space to add family and friends, the ability to schedule an SMS message to be sent at a later time and date, and an auto responder. The auto responder is used if you are unable to answer a message, where an automatic response will be sent to the sender. Other features of interest would be the ability to block those unwanted, pesky calls from telemarketers or simply someone you may not want to hear from anymore, as well as the special block incoming message feature that stops the call from coming to the inbox either.
With the cheapest international SMS service, a lot of the features are free, but there are a few that a consumer might consider fun to utilize. They offer a subscription to daily SMS package which includes love SMS, best quotes SMS, friendship SMS and a wide variety of other miscellaneous SMS’s. Another nice feature for the person who uses their SMS feature a lot is the instant message delivery that is offered with no delay in sending a message. The consumer can be in contact with their friends and family immediately, no matter where they are in the world.
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Togo team will not play african cup of nations
January 9, 2010
Angola_2010
African cup of nation nations carry on besides separatist attack on Togo team at Cabinda region.
Togo team will not play in African cup of nations although Togo Government decided to withdraw from African cup of nations. Togo team has decided to play in memory of those who died.But leave the tournament after Government decision of withdraw from the tournament.
Togo-african-cup-of-nations
Angola has increased the security of the teams and on vanues.Fridays attack raised the question about 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa. The security situation in South Africa is also very bad and it is question on upcoming world event.
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Current bloody attack highlights the Cabinda issue all around the world. Cabinda province has more than half of the oil resources of the Angola and local separatist demand separate homeland and accused that Angola Government doesn’t pay them much from the revenue.